The ritual sacrifice of children is one of the most chilling practices recorded in human history, and it has taken place on every continent and through every century—even in modern times. The biblical ethic, which affirms the sanctity of all human life, presents us with an emphatic rejection of this ritual. In this article, we will explore the historical prevalence of child sacrifice and how the spread of Christian ethics repeatedly confronted and abolished this horrific practice.
This issue came into focus as I was recently preparing a sermon on Genesis 22. In that passage, God called upon Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac as a burnt offering. Modern readers are rightly disturbed by this command, but how would Abraham have received this? After all, many of his neighboring tribes held rituals involving child sacrifice.
Abraham clearly believed that his God was different. In the previous chapter, his miraculous, life-giving God brought life to the womb of his barren, post-menopausal, 90-year-old wife. Because Abraham trusted in God’s promise to bless the nations through the offspring of Isaac, he believed that God would raise Isaac from the dead (Hebrews 11:19). God showed his life-giving quality as he intervened before Abraham could harm Isaac, commanding him not to lay a hand on his son. This whole incident served as a divine rebuke of child sacrifice, showing that our God is not like any other god. He is the wellspring of all life.
The God Who Cherishes Life
We serve a God who brings life out of impossible circumstances. When Mary questioned Gabriel about how life could emerge in the womb of a virgin, the angel replied, “Nothing will be impossible with God” (Luke 1:37). This is the same God who brought order out of chaos at creation—so that life could thrive on the earth. His first command to Adam and Eve was to “be fruitful and multiply” and to spread the garden’s vibrant beauty to the ends of the earth. God’s designs brought life, but the abandonment of his designs brought death. When Moses presented Israel with the terms of God’s covenant, they were to choose between “life and death” (Deuteronomy 30:19). By fulfilling the Law on our behalf, Jesus could offer us eternal life through faith in him. Jesus is the source of all life. The Bible teaches that nothing—not even sin, barrenness, virginity, or death itself—can thwart Christ’s ability to bring life.
The Bible declares that all who hate God “love death” (Proverbs 8:36). Indeed, the scriptures present child sacrifice as one of the hallmarks of God’s adversaries.
The Bible declares that all who hate God “love death” (Proverbs 8:36). Indeed, the scriptures present child sacrifice as one of the hallmarks of God’s adversaries.
Child Sacrifice in the Bible
In Abraham’s day, child sacrifice was common among pagan tribes of the region. Centuries later, when Joshua and the Israelites were preparing to seize the Promised Land from the Canaanites, the Lord warned them not to participate in the “abominable” worship practices of the Canaanites who “even burn their sons and daughters in the fire to their gods” (Deuteronomy 12:31). In fact, God explained that the Canaanites were being driven out of the land “because of these abominations” (Deuteronomy 18:12). Stop and consider that. God ordained the collapse of nations because of their disregard for human life. It is interesting to note that one of the few survivors of Pharaoh’s campaign to murder Hebrew babies by casting them into the Nile River was God’s chosen messenger, Moses (Exodus 1:22).
Sadly, child sacrifice in the Old Testament was not only found among the pagan tribes like the Canaanites, Moabites, and the Ammonites. Long after Moses, the Psalmist rebuked the Israelites for engaging in the same evil rituals. He wrote that they “sacrificed their sons and their daughters to the demons,” so that “the land was polluted with blood” (Psalm 106:37-38). Centuries later, two of Judah’s own kings, Ahaz and Manasseh, burned their sons in the pagan fires of worship (2 Kings 16:3; 2 Chronicles 33:6). These two kings are listed in the genealogy of Jesus. When they killed their sons, they were choosing to endanger the promised line of the Messiah. As a result, God warned his people that judgment was coming upon them. The Lord vowed that “the land shall become a waste” (Jeremiah 7:34), because his own people were building shrines where they could “burn their sons and their daughters in the fire” (Jeremiah 7:31).
Our God cherishes life, so he expects his people to be defenders of life. As I prepared my sermon, I was startled to discover that child sacrifice rituals could be found in cultures in every century all around the globe. Thankfully, whenever Christian ethics took root in a new culture, the practice of child sacrifice always came to an end. Instead of seeking to appease false gods through murder, Christianity brought a new paradigm that emphasized the inherent worth of every human being. One of the oldest documents of church history is a compilation of the apostles’ teachings known as the Didache. It declared:
There are two ways, one of life and one of death; but a great difference between the two ways…. You shall not murder a child by abortion nor kill that which is begotten.
Child Sacrifice in the Greco-Roman World
The Christian ethic of life was entirely foreign to the teachings of the Greco-Roman world. According to Plutarch, if Spartan leaders deemed a newborn baby to be “ill-born and deformed” or of “no advantage either to itself or the state,” the baby was condemned to die in the chasm at the foot of Mount Taygetus. The Roman Law was no better. The Fourth Table of the Roman Law mandated that “a notably deformed child shall be killed immediately.” This was not optional. In these cultures, the value of human life was purely based upon their ability to produce.
Consequently, baby girls were especially vulnerable in the Roman era. The Tables of the Roman Law vested fathers with the “power of life and death” over their children. In a culture that valued males over females, the Roman population suffered a significant gender imbalance due to gender-selective infanticide. One historian estimated that the city of Rome suffered a ratio of 131 males for every 100 females.[1] Consider the chilling instructions found in a letter sent home from a Roman soldier to his wife: “Above all, if you bear a child and it is male, let it be; if it is female, cast it out.”
The 1st century Roman Empire also included the Celts and Carthaginians. According to the Greek historian Strabo, the Celts practiced multiple “kinds of human sacrifices,” including a ritual that confined men, women, and children inside a “colossus” that was packed with straw and wood. As the Celts worshipped, they would make a “burnt-offering of the whole thing.”
The Roman historian Plutarch described markets in the north African city of Carthage where women sold their own children to become child sacrifices. With horror, he recalled:
With full knowledge and understanding they themselves offered up their own children, and those who had no children would buy little ones from poor people and cut their throats as if they were so many lambs or young birds; meanwhile the mother stood by without a tear or moan; but should she utter a single moan or let fall a single tear, she had to forfeit the money, and her child was sacrificed nevertheless.
The spread of Christianity marked the end of these evil practices. Tertullian of Carthage, an early church father, battled to end these rituals in Carthage, and then he turned his attention to the Roman practice of “exposure,” in which parents simply abandoned their newborns to die in the elements. “You expose them to the cold and hunger, and to wild beasts, or else you get rid of them by the slower death of drowning,” he wrote. “You must not overlook the fact that it is your own dear children whose life you quench.” In 374 AD, as Christian ethics took hold in the Roman Empire, these practices were outlawed.
Child Sacrifice in Asia
The ancient Shang Dynasty of China held massive ceremonies involving human sacrifice. These rituals involved the slaughter of men, women, and children. Priests would decapitate hundreds of victims, toss their bodies into a burial pit, and then set the collection of piled corpses on fire as an offering to appease their angry god. One ancient oracle bone, used to supposedly divine the will of their god, revealed the scope of this horrific tradition as it asked, “Shall one thousand humans be sacrificed?”
Modern minds assume that ritual sacrifice simply faded into oblivion as humanity progressed. This is simply not true. In the nineteenth century, Baptist missionary William Carey traveled to India and was horrified to discover that widows were burned alive atop the corpses of their husbands in a practice called Sati. Likewise, many Hindu mothers worshiped the gods by drowning their newborn babies in the Ganges River. Once the Christian ethics of Western civilization were introduced to India, these practices were outlawed. In one of his letters, William Carey wrote:
I have…presented three petitions or representations to Government for the purpose of having the burning of women and other modes of murder abolished…. In the case of infanticide and voluntary drowning in the river, laws were made to prevent these, which have been successful.[2]
Child Sacrifice Among Native Americans
Likewise, as the French and British settled North America, they were appalled to discover that numerous indigenous tribes engaged in horrific child sacrifice rituals, much like the ancient Canaanites.
André Pénicaut, an interpreter for French settlers in Louisiana, described the rituals of the Native American tribes in the early 18th century. In one instance, the Taensa tribe gathered at their temple, and “the fathers and mothers brought their children, and after having strangled them, they threw them into the fire.” French explorer Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville likewise recalled how one tribe “threw five little children in swaddling clothes into the fire,” adding that many more would have been killed “had not three Frenchmen run thither and prevented them.” French missionary Jean Francois Buisson de Saint-Cosme, who was martyred by the Natchez tribe, wrote of how they sacrificed sick infants as burnt offerings “to appease the spirit.” They also sacrificed children whenever a member of the royal family died.
In Virginia, English settler Henry Spelman likened the Powhatan tribe’s worship practices to devil worship. Appalled by grotesque rituals, Spelman explained that they would sacrifice two or three children each year in a ring of fire. He wrote, “After the bodies which are offered are consumed by the fire and their ceremonies performed, the men depart merrily, the women weeping.” Despite all the modern consternation over European colonialism, no scholar can deny that it was the introduction of Christian ethics that put an end to these barbaric rituals among North America’s indigenous tribes.
Child Sacrifice in Central and South America
In the 16th century, the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún wrote the Florentine Codex, chronicling the child sacrifice rituals that the Aztecs performed at their festivals.
They assembled the children whom they slew in the first month, buying them from their mothers. And they went on killing them in all the feasts which followed…. so that until the rains began in abundance, in all the feasts they sacrificed children.
The tribes of South America also engaged in child sacrifice. Archaeologists just recently uncovered a massive Peruvian grave filled with 140 child skeletons ritually sacrificed by the Chimú tribe in the 15th century. In the 16th century, Spanish Conquistador Juan de Betanzos wrote Narrative of the Incas, chronicling the fervent religiosity of the Incan people. He wrote that “the devil had these blind people” so committed to their beliefs that “they offered and sacrificed even their own children” as burnt offerings in a practice known as “Qhapaq Hucha.”[3]
Christianity and child sacrifice simply cannot coexist.
Even today, in nations like Uganda and Tanzania, witch doctors promise that child sacrifice and ritualized burials can bring wealth and prosperity to people. As you read this, Christian organizations like World Vision are on the front lines seeking to put an end to this truly demonic practice.
Christianity and child sacrifice simply cannot coexist. As Christian ethics advanced around the globe, the horrific practices of child sacrifice were either abolished or abandoned.
We Need to Check Our Arrogance
As I read about these appalling rituals (and many more), I was shocked by the pervasive nature of this practice. It turns out that child sacrifice was not the anomaly of history that I expected. I could find these rituals on every inhabited continent during every century—often with striking similarities to the Canaanite ritual of burning their own children as sacrifices “to the demons” (Psalm 106:37).
As I read about mass graves of decapitated and burned children, my stomach turned with disgust. Then I was confronted by the sobering thought that I now live in a country that has legally ended the lives of more than 63 million preborn children—an unimaginable number. If the entire populations of Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, Wyoming, and the District of Columbia were all annihilated, it would still fall short of the death toll of abortion since 1973.
These children have been discarded as medical waste—poisoned, dismembered, chemically burned, or even left to gasp for breath after botched procedures. Apart from the grotesque details of abortion, it is still more appalling to realize that we, as a citizenry, now value things like personal freedom, career, and money above the lives of our children. The fight to ensure that we can end the lives of the unborn is now a winning issue in our political campaigns. God has destroyed nations for such a callous disregard for human life. We must confess that he would be more than justified if he brought our nation to an end.
When Christianity advanced around the world, child sacrifice was abolished. Now, as the influence of Christianity fades from American culture, we should not be surprised to find the demonic love of death now gripping our nation. We might be more technologically advanced than the Aztecs, but our hearts are just as callous to the mass slaughter of innocent children. That’s tragic. As a nation, we desperately need repentance and revival. In these increasingly dark days, if the Church fails to stand for life, I suspect that our nation’s future will be an exceptionally dark one. As Moses once told the Israelites:
I call heaven and earth to witness against you today, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and curse. Therefore choose life, that you and your offspring may live (Deuteronomy 30:19).
FOOTNOTES
[1] Rodney Stark, Discovering God: The Origins of the Great Religions and the Evolution of Belief. Harper Collins, 2009, pp. 320-321.
[2] William Carey, The Journal and Selected Letters of William Carey. Smyth & Helwys Publishing, Inc., 2000, p. 82.
[3] Juan de Betanzos, Narrative of the Incas. Translated by Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan, University of Texas Press, 1996.